黄河下游涵闸基坑的主要工程地质问题

从工程地质勘察经验出发,充分总结分析了黄河下游涵闸基坑的主要工程地质问题,如坑壁稳定问题、坑底土沉降与回弹问题以及基坑排水问题等,这些实例对于黄河下游涵闸基坑工程地质问题分析评价和加固处理具有重要的参考价值。     

Lipophilic organic contaminants in the Rhine river, Germany

Detailed gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses applied to eight Rhine river water samples constituted a comprehensive characterization of the low molecular weight organic contamination. Within the group of predominant anthropogenic contaminants, only a few compounds were characterized as frequently detected or priority pollutants. Numerous compounds exhibiting physiological or ecotoxicological properties are only rarely reported or still unnoticed riverine contaminants. Information on environmental behaviour or ecotoxicological effects is still limited for most of these substances. In particular, several brominated compounds (mono- and dibrominated (methoxyphenyl)propionic acids and hydroxymethylacetophenones) were identified for the first time as environmental contaminants. Quantitative analyses differentiated five groups of pollutants with respect to their concentration profiles. The spatial distribution and the intensity of emission sources on the one hand and the environmental stability as well as the tendency to adsorb on the particulate matter on the other hand determined the quantitative occurrence of individual compounds.     

Degradation of DBPs' precursors in river water before and after slow sand filtration by photo-Fenton process at pH 5 in a solar CPC reactor

The generation of disinfection by-products during water treatment can be controlled by reducing the levels of precursor species prior to the chlorination step. The Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is the principal organic precursor and conventional removal of pollutants such as coagulation, flocculation and filtration do not guarantee the total NOM removal. In this study the degradation of NOM model compounds (dihydroxy-benzene) as well as the removal of NOM from river water via photo-Fenton process in a CPC solar photo-reactor is presented. The effect of solar activated photo-Fenton reagent at pH 5.0 before and after a slow sand filtration (SSF) in waters containing natural iron species is investigated and the details reported. The results showed that the total transformation of dihydroxy-benzene compounds along a mineralization higher than 80% was obtained. The mineralization of the organic compounds dissolved in natural water was higher than in Milli-Q water, suggesting that the aqueous organic and inorganic components (metals, humic acids and photoactive species) positively affect the photocatalytic process. When 1.0 mg/L of Fe³⁺ is added to the system, the photo-Fenton degradation was improved. Therefore the photo-Fenton reagent could be an interesting complement to other processes for NOM removal. Comparing the response of two rivers as media for the organic compounds degradation it was observed that the NOM photo-degradation rate depends of the water composition.     

大型碎屑堆积体工程特性及稳定性评价

在中国西部水电工程建设中,由于地质条件复杂,面临许多工程地质问题,其中在坝址区和库区的大型堆积体对电站建设影响很大。分布在峡谷斜坡的大型碎屑堆积体,由于方量巨大、粒径多为30～200cm,极难进行强度试验和稳定性评价。以澜沧江中上游乌弄龙电站坝前大型堆积体为例,介绍该类碎屑堆积体的强度参数、粒度组成等工程特性的评价方法,并进行稳定性计算。研究结果表明:堆积体在天然条件下安全系数为1.11～1.15之间,处于稳定状态。地震条件下取Φ=36°～37°,K=0.98～1.02,表明该堆积体处于基本稳定状态,与现场调查的变形动态较吻合。这说明采用的分析评价方法是正确的,取得较好的效果。这些研究方法对于大型堆积体的研究具有借鉴意义,对于类似工程问题具有参考价值。     

珠江三角洲一高速公路软基处理实例分析

针对珠江三角洲一高速公路穿越厚度不均匀的深厚软基,开始采用砂桩结合砂垫层、土工格栅处治,由于填土速度过快及砂桩本身的特点,路基填土出现开裂;后采用卸除填土,并利用预应力混凝土管桩结合钢塑格栅进行处治。通过对整个过程的沉降、侧向位移、孔隙水压力等现场观测数据进行分析,得出在厚度不均匀的深厚软基路段不宜采用无抗剪强度的砂桩处理,宜采用具有一定抗剪强度的处治措施,且加载过程应该采用“薄层轮加法”填筑,确保地基的稳定性。     

黄河悬河稳定性评价专家系统的研制

从区域稳定性研究入手，以地壳、堤坝与地基三系统控制论为理论基础，系统总结了悬河研究领域中的最新成果和结论。提出了工程治理与环境治理，环境治理与经济发展，地质工程治理与水利工程治理相结合的治理策略，并用先进的人工智能技术，研制出黄河悬河稳定性评价专家系统，为黄河下游悬河分析、评价与处理以及进一步研究提供有效手段     

河流风景保护——以桂林漓江为例

河流风景不仅是一种常见的景观形态,同时更是一种重要的生态廊道和游憩资源,在环境保护和旅游开发中具有极高的价值。然而,由于河流景观的易变性,使得河流风景保护有许多自身的特点和难点。以桂林漓江为例,通过对一个典型案例的剖析,从性质认识、区域协调、游览模式、生态补水、河道景观、岸线控制、体制创新等方面对河流风景保护进行思考。     

Assessment of heavy metal levels in Almendares River sediments--Havana City, Cuba

The Almendares River watershed covers a large portion of Havana, Cuba and is centrally important to both recreational and other activities in the region. In order to assess current water quality conditions prior to planned remediation efforts, the spatial distribution of six heavy metals and other compounds were determined in river sediments at fifteen sampling stations in the watershed. Metal concentrations in sediments ranged from 86.1 to 708.8 for Zn, 39.3 to 189.0 for Pb, 71.6 to 420.8 for Cu, 84.4 to 209.7 Cr, 1.5 to 23.4 for Co, and 1.0 to 4.3 for Cd microg/g dry weight sediment. Calculated enrichment factors (EF; measured metal versus background mineral conditions) were almost always greater than 1.0, suggesting significant anthropogenic impact on metal levels in the river. The highest EF values were seen immediately below Cotorro (EF>10 for Pb, Cu, and Cd), a suburban town that has an active secondary smelter, and below the largest municipal landfill in Havana (EF>10 for Pb, Cu, Cd, and Zn). Further, three sampling stations had multiple metals at concentrations higher than probable effects concentrations (PEC), implying possible local ecotoxicological impacts. Finally, sequential extractions of the sediments indicated that heavy metals were largely associated with the organic fraction, and it was estimated that up to 62% of metals in the sediments would be susceptible to release back into the water column if hydraulic or other changes occurred in the river. These data are being used to prioritize decisions related to the remediation of the river system.     

Comparison of self-organizing maps classification approach with cluster and principal components analysis for large environmental data sets

Three classification techniques (loading and score projections based on principal components analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA) and self-organizing maps (SOM)) were applied to a large environmental data set of chemical indicators of river water quality. The study was carried out by using long-term water quality monitoring data. The advantages of SOM algorithm and its classification and visualization ability for large environmental data sets are stressed. The results obtained allowed detecting natural clusters of monitoring locations with similar water quality type and identifying important discriminant variables responsible for the clustering. SOM clustering allows simultaneous observation of both spatial and temporal changes in water quality. The chemometric approach revealed different patterns of monitoring sites conditionally named "tributary", "urban", "rural" or "background". This objective separation could lead to an optimization of river monitoring nets and to a better tracing natural and anthropogenic changes along the river stream.